Are Criminals Born or Made? Essay -- Psychology, Micro-Criminological

As the demonstration of guiltiness is a worldwide wonder, there must consequently be some clarification with regards to why this is; a few ways of thinking endeavor to explain this by methods for hereditary qualities, while others adopt an all the more socially affected strategy. In spite of the fact that at that point, the smaller scale criminological speculations of Lombroso and Sheldon may have seemed valid, present day research has endeavored to disprove such ideas. In an epidemiological setting, the demonstration of wrongdoing is seen by some as a positive commitment to society, as confirmed by Durkheim (Kirby et al, 2000), albeit a lot of will prompt social precariousness, or anomie. In contrariety to Durkheim's convictions, a Marxist point of view would think about the unimportant idea of private enterprise as criminal; subsequently regarding by far most of worldwide society to be in a steady condition of anomie. Be that as it may, there is still a lot of debate with respect t o whether individuals are conceived, or made into lawbreakers. This exposition will talk about the contentions inside this discussion. To be ‘born’ criminal shows a hereditary heredity though in the event that one is ‘made’; the natural impacts are the critical factor in making of criminal conduct. Regardless of much contention encompassing the thought of acquired criminal propensities, there is a lot of proof to help such hypotheses. In spite of the fact that Lombroso may have utilized his hypothetical atavisms trying to give a naturally deterministic strategy for lessening or forestalling wrongdoing, they have eventually lead to a deserting of gravitas concerning such a thought. In any case, as nearsighted as Lombroso's speculations of culpability being an inherited quality shows up (Mannheim, 1965) research has demonstrated mutual physical attributes to be ordinary in elucidating the contention of hereditary criminal conduct. In spite of the fact that Lombroso introduced... ...e actuality it doesn't guarantee individuals will be brought into the world bound to carry out criminal offenses, but instead proposes an inalienable inclination towards such practices, which can be impacted by cultural elements. In promoting a hereditarily inclined and socially-impacted clarification, there is a bounty of contemplations while explaining criminal conduct; for instance, a non forceful, mentally solid individual might be affected by peer pressure into recreational medication use, as â€Å"Psychoactive medication misuse regularly results from a blend of low confidence, peer pressure, lacking adapting aptitudes, and curiosity.† (Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2005) in this manner proposing that light recreational medication misuse can gather to a reliance because of a large number of social impacts, which constantly prompts further wrongdoing so as to monetarily bolster a fixation.

Nasa Research Paper Essay Example for Free

Nasa Research Paper Essay The National Aeronautics and Space Administration, all the more normally known as N. A. S. A, was begun after the Soviet Union sent a satellite named Sputnik into space the prior year. They are an administration organization in the United States of America that has assumed the undertaking of inquiring about science and innovation identified with space and air [1]. NASA has moved between various astonishing accomplishments quite a long time after year since the space race. NASA’s objective is â€Å"to go after new statures and uncover the obscure with the goal that what we do and realize will profit all humankind†[1]. For more than 50 years NASA has been attempting to respond to the inquiries all of humanity has about the huge marvels of room. In the start of NASA applications for space innovation were being created by utilization of climate and correspondence satellites. After the initial steps on the moon by Neil Armstrong during the Apollo 11 crucial July 20, 1969 NASA focused on building up a reusable boat for access to and from space utilizing the vessel known as the space transport [1]. The main dispatch of the space transport was in 1981 and it flew more than 130 trips before being resigned in 2011. A worldwide undertaking in 2000 speaking to the 16 countries work was begun, the Russia and the U. S. set up steady human nearness on board the International Space Station [1]. NASA look into crested again in 1997 when the strategic blemishes started. The Mars Pathfinder was a shuttle sent to investigate Mars inside the following ten years so researcher can decide whether life at any point existed there. As the new century turns about, NASA comes to over the universe. The Rover is still right now investigating Mars after its appearance with his sibling Spirt in 2004. While Cassini circles around Saturn, Juno will trek his approach to Jupiter. The Hubble Space Telescope inspects and finds the deepest functions of the universe. NASA is in the matter of science, human investigation and tasks, and air transportation look into. So as to finish these objectives NASA has sent satellites, space transports, and everything conceivable into space to advance America’s information on the extraordinary void all while as yet concentrating on earth through telescopes and sensors. NASA is an administration possessed, worked, nd subsidized affiliation. NASA’s spending plan from years past beginning from 1958 till 2012 has been, altogether, around $560 billion. Lamentably, because of current monetary emergency, President Obama has allowed NASA an insignificant $17. 7 Billion for 2013 which is $59 million not exactly a year ago [2]. NASA is by a long shot the most regarded, worshipped, and notable office on the planet. NASA’s achievements is an extensive rundown however there are some more remarkable than others. The first and most shocking would be when NASA entered America in the Space Race in 1958 with Explorer 1 which was utilized to examine the earth’s circle [3]. 961-Freedom 7, Alan Shepard was the primary American to circle Earth. This crucial the point of reference for future kept an eye on missions. A genuine achievement in humanity in all probability the most significant of all Apollo 11, the moon arrival, One little advance for man, one goliath jump for humankind. Some time went than the genuine intens ity of mankind’s resourcefulness was indicated when the group of Apollo 13 arrived back on earth securely in 1970. The Hubble telescope was a gigantic achievement when they initially began getting point by point photographs of the universe in 1990 [3]. A long time later Chandra Telescope utilized X-Ray instead of light to record pictures.

Careers in Cognitive Psychology

Careers in Cognitive Psychology Student Resources Careers Print Careers in Cognitive Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on October 09, 2019 caracterdesign / Getty Images More in Student Resources Careers APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips Cognitive psychologists are interested in studying the internal mental processes that influence human behavior. This includes understanding how people form, store, and use memories, how people perceive information in the world around them, how information is processed, and how language develops. If these sorts of things sound interesting to you, then you might be interested in a career in the field of cognitive psychology. In order to better understand the sort of things that professionals who work in this field do, lets begin by learning a bit more about cognitive psychology itself. Overview Cognitive psychology is concerned with how people acquire, process and store information. Major areas of interest in cognitive psychology include language, attention, memory, decision-making and problem-solving. Cognitive psychology has many practical applications. For example, cognitive principles are often used in the creation of educational materials and software design. Work Environment Cognitive psychologists work in a number of areas. Many cognitive psychologists conduct applied research or basic research on the human thought process. Cognitive psychologists often work at colleges and universities, government agencies, corporate businesses and in private consulting. Common career titles include university instructor, human factors consultant, industrial-organizational manager, and usability specialist. Salary Wages and salaries for cognitive psychologists vary widely depending on degree, position, and experience. According to the U.S. Department of Labor, the average salary for those working as industrial-organizational psychologists in 2015 was $92,320, with a median annual salary of $77,350. In a 2009 salary survey by the American Psychological Association (APA), the median salary for university faculty positions was $76,090. The demand for cognitive psychologists also varies. Most are employed in teaching and research positions by colleges and universities. However, there has been significant growth in other areas such as human-computer interaction, software development, and organizational psychology. In a survey of job postings that appeared in the APS Observer Employment Bulletin between 1991 and 1996, cognitive psychology positions accounted for 7.5% of the total job listings. Education Requirements While there are some entry-level opportunities available to graduates with a bachelors degree, most careers in cognitive psychology require a masters or doctorate degree. Those working in applied areas can often find employment with a masters degree. These applied areas include human factors and industrial-organizational psychology, which is expected to grow in the future. Pros and Cons As with any career, there are a number of potential benefits and possible downsides that you should carefully consider before choosing to pursue a job in cognitive psychology. Spend some time researching your options before you make a decision about whether it is the right job for your personality, goals, and needs. Benefits Cognitive psychologists are able to help find solutions to real-world problemsOpportunities for self-employment through consulting workDiverse career paths (i.e. private sector, consulting, government, education) Downsides Most positions require a doctorate degree in cognitive psychologyResearch can be tedious and may lead to burnout

Graduation Rate Four Years Versus Six Years - 1454 Words

Graduation Rate: Four Years vs Six Years Undergraduate students are taking longer than the four year program to finish their schooling because of finances, stress, lack of motivation, and lack of being prepared emotionally and academically. Approximately 28 percent of Texas undergraduates graduate with a four year degree on time. Meanwhile, a little over half of all undergraduates graduate in six years instead of four. (â€Å"Graduation Rates By State†) College is an expensive investment for any student. Although college puts many young people into debt, a four year college graduate is said to make 84 percent more than a high school graduate, according to the O.E.C.D. (Porter) Now that college degrees are almost a must for finding a good†¦show more content†¦Working while in college, can lead to inflexibility in class schedules and lack of time for studies, this can result in failing or being forced to drop a class. Failing classes due to other responsibilities is a major reason in why students are graduating in six years instead of four. Another reason college students may work during their time of education, is to fund their idea of the college lifestyle they must have. Donald Asher, a writer and speaker who specializes in higher education said: Students today are working tons of hours at real jobs, trying to juggle classes and activities with these external obligations. The results are lower grades, inflexibility in taking the right classes when they’re offered, isolation and disengagement from the college experience, and longer time to graduation. One thing I’ve noticed is that many of these students are working so hard to finance a lavish college lifestyle. Mr. Donald Asher points out the responsibilities many college students have, and also points out that many students are working so hard at real jobs to be able to afford things like a Starbucks latte every morning. Somehow, modern college students have forgot that college is not about the formals, the parties, the concerts, and even the cute dorm dà ©cor. Many college students work to enjoy this lifestyle and end up having to stay in school longer due to their unrealistic ideas of how college life should be. It

Definition and Examples of Business Jargon in English

Business jargon is the specialized language used by members of corporations and bureaucracies. Also known as corporate jargon, business-speak, and bureaucratese. Business jargon typically includes buzzwords, vogue words, and euphemisms. Contrast with plain English. Examples and Observations Hes successful in interfacing with clients we already have, but as for new clients, its low-hanging fruit. He takes a high-altitude view, but he doesnt drill down to that level of granularity where we might actionize new opportunities.Clark winced. I remember that one. I think I may have had a minor stroke in the office when he said that.(Emily St. John Mandel, Station Eleven. Alfred A. Knopf, 2014) The Poisonous Spell of Business Jargon The next time you feel the need to reach out, touch base, shift a paradigm, leverage a best practice or join a tiger team, by all means do it. Just don’t say you’re doing it.If you have to ask why, chances are you’ve fallen under the poisonous spell of business jargon. No longer solely the province of consultants, investors and business-school types, this annoying gobbledygook has mesmerized the rank and file around the globe.Jargon masks real meaning, says Jennifer Chatman, management professor at the University of California-Berkeley’s Haas School of Business. People use it as a substitute for thinking hard and clearly about their goals and the direction that they want to give others.(Max Mallet, Brett Nelson and Chris Steiner, The Most Annoying, Pretentious And Useless Business Jargon. Forbes, January 26, 2012) Laser-Focused At companies ranging from children’s book publishers to organic-food purveyors, CEOs are increasingly training powerful beams of light on their targets. The phrase laser-focused appeared in more than 250 transcripts of earnings calls and investor events this year, according to data compiled by Bloomberg, on pace to eclipse the 287 in all of 2012. It’s business jargon, says L.J. Rittenhouse, CEO of Rittenhouse Rankings, who consults with executives on communication and strategy. What would a more candid disclosure be? We are focused. What does a laser have to do with it? . . .David Larcker, a professor at the Stanford Graduate School of Business who has studied deception on investor conference calls, says that when executives start using a lot of jargon, it makes you wonder about the believability. Rittenhouse, who analyzes shareholder letters for an annual report on CEO candor and reviews about 100 conference-call transcripts each year, has found that companies that use fact-deficient, obfuscating generalities have worse share performance than more candid companies.(Noah Buhayar, The CEOs Favorite Clichà ©. Bloomberg Businessweek, September 23-29, 2013) Business-Speak In an infamous December 2012 press release, Citigroup announced that it would begin a series of repositioning actions that will further reduce expenses and improve efficiency, resulting in streamlined operations and an optimized consumer footprint across geographies. Translation: 11,000 people would be repositioned out the door.Business-speak, with its heartless euphemisms and empty stock phrases, is the jargon that everyone loves to hate. . . .For several years, Mark Liberman, a linguist at the University of Pennsylvania, has been keeping an eye on the words and phrases that are condemned as business-speak, and he has noticed that as much as mission statements and deliverables, what gets under people’s skin are expressions like impactful, at the end of the day, and low-hanging fruit. As he has investigated these expressions, he noted in a post last month on the blog Language Log, he has found that they are as common in sports, politics, social science, and other spheres as th ey are in business.(Joshua J. Friedman, Jargon: It’s Not the Business World’s Fault! The Boston Globe, September 15, 2013)Dharmeshs culture code incorporates elements of HubSpeak. For example, it instructs that when someone quits or gets fired, the event will be referred to as graduation. This really happens, over and over again. In my first month at HubSpot Ive witnessed several graduations, just in the marketing department. Well get an email from Cranium saying, Team, Just letting you know that Derek has graduated from HubSpot, and were excited to see how he uses his superpowers in his next big adventure!(Dan Lyons, Disrupted: My Misadventure in the Start-Up Bubble. Hachette, 2016) Business-Speak in Higher Education As universities are beaten into the shapes dictated by business, so language is suborned to its ends. We have all heard the robotic idiom of management, as if a button had activated a digitally generated voice. Like Newspeak in Nineteen Eighty-Four, business-speak is an instance of magical naming, superimposing the imagery of the market on the idea of a university–through ‘targets, ‘benchmarks, time-charts, league tables, ‘vision statements, ‘content providers. We may laugh or groan, depending on the state of our mental health at the thickets of TLAs–three-letter acronyms, in the coinage of the writer Richard Hamblyn–that accumulate like dental plaque. . . .The code conceals aggression: actions are undertaken in its name and justified by its rules; it pushes responsibility from persons to systems. It pushes individuals to one side and replaces them with columns, boxes, numbers, rubrics, often meaningless tautologies (a form will ask first for ‘aims, and then for ‘objectives’).(Marina Warner, Learning My Lesson. London Review of Books, March 19, 2015) The Epic Poetry of Modern Business Jargon is an invaluable tool in massaging meaning for marketing purposes. Investment is a particularly fertile field. Promoters may describe a start-up with no customers as pre-revenue, optimistically implying that sales are inevitable. Hoped-for turnover will be projected in a business plan, a document used for raising finance and scrupulously ignored thenceforth.Terminology that deflects criticism while bestowing spurious professionalism is essential to the manager. Hence the phrase Im outside the loop on that excuses knuckle-dragging cluelessness. Im afraid I dont have the bandwidth is a polite way of saying: You arent important enough for me to help you. And It is my understanding that . . . allows the speaker to assert vague suspicions as solid facts...Jargon is the epic poetry of modern business. It can turn a bunch of windbags in a meeting room into a quick wins taskforce. I once asked a handyman toiling in an office doorway whether he was installing a wheelchair ramp. No, he said solemnly, its a diversity access feature.(Jonathan Guthrie, Three Cheers for the Epic Poetry of Jargon. Financial Times, Dec. 13, 2007) Financial Jargon: Reversification The images and metaphors keep doing headstands. To bail out is to slop water over the side of a boat. That verb has been reversified so that it means an injection of public money into a failing institution; taking something dangerous out has turned into putting something vital in. Credit has been reversified: it means debt. Inflation means money being worth less. Synergy means sacking people. Risk means precise mathematical assessment of probability. Noncore assets means garbage. These are all examples of how the process of innovation, experimentation, and progress in the techniques of finance has been brought to bear on language, so that words no longer mean what they once did. It is not a process intended to deceive, but . . . it confines knowledge to a priesthood—the priesthood of people who can speak money. (John Lanchester, Money Talks. The New Yorker, August 4, 2014) Greenspans Fed-Jargon A special area of financial jargon is Greenspeak, the terms and phrases of Federal Reserve Board Chairman [1987-2006], Alan Greenspan. For decades a small group of economists known as Fed-watchers, pored over the statements made by the Federal Reserve, looking for indications of changes in Federal Reserve policy. Today, almost every investor and business person in the U.S. listens to the latest Fed pronouncements. From his 1999 description of the technology stock market as irrational exuberance, to his considerable period, soft patch, and short-lived descriptions of the economy and monetary policy in 2003-2004, the words of Alan Greenspan [became] common in American business jargon. (W. Davis Folsom, Understanding American Business Jargon: A Dictionary, 2nd ed. Greenwood, 2005)

Chipotle Free Essays

Sec. 002 Team 1| GB 214 Operations Analysis: Chipotle Mexican Grill | Assignment 3: Supply Chain| | 1. Major Components/Inputs of the Product Suppliers Chipotle uses several suppliers when ordering and receiving their food products. We will write a custom essay sample on Chipotle or any similar topic only for you Order Now Chipotle’s main objective is to provide food with organic and naturally grown backgrounds. Because of these values, Chipotle prides itself in using suppliers that follow their guidelines of â€Å"food with integrity† structure, by meeting the requirements and goals for food safety, animal welfare, sustainability, and social accountability. Chipotle’s customer service manager, Shannon Kyllo, stated in her email that the company continuously changes its suppliers to source the best ingredients and also provided a list of their vegetable and dairy product suppliers. Calavo growers, Index Fresh and Mission Avacados supply Avacados to Chipotle, and their Romaine lettuce and cilantro suppliers are Taylor farms and Church Brothers. Daisy and Smith Dairy supply Chipotle with Sour Cream and the company gets its supply of cheese from Meister Cheese, Petaluma Cheese and Glanbia. Coca-Cola is Chipotle’s supplier for beverages and has had this contract since McDonalds were Chipotle’s main investors. 3 Also, the Mcilhenny Company supplies Tobasco as a condiment for Chipotle. 4 The industry leaders in Fast-food restaurant kitchen appliances are Southbend, Globe, Frymaster, Blodgett, Food Service Warehouse and Insigner. These companies are the top players who supply kitchen appliances to the major fast-food Chains, like Chipotle. 5 2. Type of Supply Chain and Services Chipotle’s supply chain is unique from other fast casual restaurants and service firms, and does not have a set traditional supply chain. Of the four main supply chains, Chipotle’s supply chain resembles the Assemble-To-Order (ATO) supply chain the closest. This is because the customer has complete freedom of what ingredients go into their burrito/bowl/salad/etc. , but only with the ingredients that are behind the counter. So in that case, there is not complete freedom in designing a meal, but the customer can choose and amount of ingredients to be included in their food item. However, this is not set in stone, for their supply chain also contains elements of other supply chain methods, such as the Build-To-Order (BTO) supply chain, for the customer has some opportunity in the customization of their product (meal), but are limited to the design parameters (set ingredients) set by the firm. The stages of Chipotle’s supply are fairly simple. It starts with the acquisition of the raw materials (ingredients) that are shipped to one of their 22 independently owned distribution centers. 6 These ingredients come from within a 350 mile radius of the distribution center. The ingredients are then shipped out to the restaurants, where all of the ingredients are prepared in-house with the exception of the barbacoa and the beans. Once the ingredients arrive at the restaurant, they are prepared and placed out ready to be made into burritos/bowls/salads/etc. When a customer comes to a Chipotle, they simply wait in line, then once at the counter, go down the assembly line of ingredients and chose which specific ones they want to include in their meal. When they are finished constructing their item, they pay the cashier and either take their meal to-go or have a seat in the dining area in the restaurant. 3. Supply Diagram (See Attachment 1) 4. Supple Chain/ Operations Strategy Chipotle believes that their unrelenting effort to revolutionize fast food through their unique way of production and people cultures will help them to move forward in building a valuable company for their stakeholders. 6 Chipotle focuses on its product differentiation, market segmenta tion, operational excellence, and customer intimacy. 6 The product assembler to customer stage in chipotle’s supply chain directly aligns with its focus on operational excellence and customer intimacy in its operations strategy. Chipotle explains their goal of operational excellence with its statement, â€Å"The natural flow of our restaurant layout, including the floor plan and the design of our serving line, are designed to make the food ordering process intuitive and, we believe, more efficient. † The customers deal somewhat directly with the manufacturers of chipotle’s product in their stores with the assembly line. 6 Customers have limited choice in overall product but some choice in the specification (ingredients that go in their order) of the product. The assembly line allows customers to get their food fast and assemble then limitedly build their order. 6 All of this allows for a high degree of customer intimacy during the service. 6 The raw materials to distributor to product assembler stages reflect with chipotle’s focus on product differentiation and market segmentation. 6 Chipotle’s strategy is influenced by the fast and high quality food market. 6 Chipotle states, â€Å"Serving high quality food while still charging reasonable prices is critical to our vision to change the way people think about and eat fast food. 6 Chipotle serves â€Å"food with integrity† and part of the way they make this possible is with their supply chain. 6 The raw materials stage is the suppliers/outsourcers that provide the high quality ingredients that go into Chipotle’s product. 6 These go to distribution centers (distributor), which are all relatively close to the product assemblers (stores). 6 The food is then prepared by the product assemblers. 6 This allows Chipotle to have high quality, fresh food and makes them specialize in product differentiation. 6 5. Outsourced Activities Chipotle mentions that it currently sources most of its key ingredients like chicken, pork and beef from a limited number of suppliers. 6 But at the same time chipotle ventured into local outsourcing in 2008 when they launched a pilot program to outsource all its organic pork products for its Charlottesville, Va. , location from a local supplier, Polyface farms. 8 They felt that using local organizations to outsource would help them have fresh ingredients and ensure that the respective source follows their â€Å"food with integrity† motto. After the initial success of Chipotle, the executives realized that they had to improve one of their products — the shredded pork which they used in almost all their food items. 9 This is when Chipotle found an advertisement for the farmers of Niman Ranch, a pork supplying company. 9  Steve Ellis took interest in this supplier after he sampled some of its organically grown products. 9 Chipotle’s spokesman, Chris Arnold, state d after Ellis tried the pork: â€Å"What so impressed Ellis, in addition to the quality of Niman Ranch pork, was the way in which the Calif. based company raised its animals, from feeding practices to the land on which the hogs roamed. †9 The Niman Ranch experience completely changed the way Chipotle selected from their food suppliers, them having contracts with ranches in the Midwest for pork and livestock helped them cover a larger geographic region and facilitate the demand for Chipotle Mexican Grill. 9 Along with Niman Ranch, Canadian suppliers and duBreton Farms also supply pork to Chipotle. â€Å"Most of the chicken on the menu is supplied by Bell Evans of Fredericksburg, Pa. , which also supplies to natural and organic retailers like Whole Foods. Chipotle gets its beef primarily from Loveland, Colo. -based Meyer Natural Angus and Golden, Colo. -based Coleman Natural Meats, in addition to smaller processors†. 9 6. Other Activities That Could Be Outsourced Chipotle produces several of their food products in house. After obtaining the necessary raw materials from outsourcing activities and suppliers, Chipotle then creates their signature salsa, guacamole, crispy tacos, and tortilla chips. 10 These items are produced at least twice a day (Harris). Chipotle chooses not to use a supplier or outsourcing partner to make each of these products for specific and different reasons. For example, Chipotle’s salsa is made internally to ensure a unique customization process (Harris). 11 Because Chipotle offers 4 different flavors and spiciness of salsa, Chipotle restaurants create their own salsa to offer customers a variety of choices that cannot be accurately duplicated by external outlets (Harris). 11 Guacamole is also prepared in house to provide Chipotles’ customers with the best flavor possible. Chips and crispy tacos are internally created for the same reasons. 12 Chipotle takes pride in freshly preparing these signature items as well. As noted by customer service agent, Shannon Kyllo, Chipotle creates these in house items because of CEO Ellis’s background within the culinary field and Chipotle’s strive to produce fresh food the way they see fit, stating, â€Å"We’re perfectionists. . . he [Ellis] is first and foremost a chef and he wants to maintain a high standard. . . They [Chipotle] have a saying that if you want to do something right, you have do it yourself so that is what we do† (Kyllo). 13 Because of Chipotle’s internal processes, the restaurant chain believes it is producing the best and most unique experience at every location (Kyllo). 3 See Attachment 1 Work Cited 1. http://www. chipotle. com/en-US/talk_to_us/supplier/supplier. aspx 2. Shannon Kyllo. â€Å"Supplier list†. Email to Shrivats Agarwal. 22 Feb. 2012. 3. http://academic. mintel. com/display/294296/? highlight=true#hit1 4. http://www. rehobothfoodie. com/index. php/Rehoboth-Beach-Reviews/Mexican/chipotl e-mexican-grill. html 5. http://www. foodservicewarehouse. com/equipment/c3040. aspx 6. http://www. sec. gov/Archives/edgar/data/1058090/000119312511039010/d10k. htm 7. http://www. triplepundit. com/2011/06/chipotle-moves-local-sourcing/ 8. ttp://grist. org/sustainable-farming/protein-we-only-serve-white-meat-here-excerpt/ 9. Petrak, Lynn. â€Å"Food With Integrity. † National Provisioner 221. 9 (2007): 22-26. Business Source Premier. Web. 17 Feb. 2013. 10. http://angelagarbes. com/2011/03/01/food-with-integrity-short-on-humanity/ 11. Ronnette, Harris. â€Å"Reply from Chipotle . † Message to Cam Amoroso. 20 Feburary 2013. E-mail. 12. http://www. chipotle. com/en-US/menu/fresh_cooking/fresh_cooking. aspx 13. Shannon, Kyllo. â€Å"Reply from Chipotle . † Message to Cam Amoroso. 21 Feburary 2013. E-mail. How to cite Chipotle, Essay examples

Mobile Data in Construction-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Mobile Data in Construction and CRM SCM in Construction. Answer: Introduction The industry of construction is very much unique as compared to the various other industries and the prime characteristic of any project of construction is very complex. In this age of technical and technological advancement, the construction projects are expected to integrate the usage of the high-level method of automation so as to deal with very complex processes in construction (Aloini et al., 2012). In another hand it has been observed that application of mobile computing is m facilitating computing services in any sector. The large scaled projects in the construction sector contain the large and massive bulk of information which is very much complex to be handled are accessed by various stakeholders, engineers, architects, superintendents and project managers (Ali, 2014). Further, it becomes more complex to retrieve the information and process the data in remote areas where most of the construction projects are situated The information is basically limited to the paper documents restricting the access and edit the information into the 2D based technical specification and drawings. With the advancement of economy and technology, the significance of integrating the digital management of information has become prominent. The supply chain management in the construction sector has been mostly implemented by the approaches of merger and joint which assists in building a comparatively complete chain in the industry (Chen Kamara, 2008). However, it is to be noted that the process engineering in the construction sector depend more on the supply chain management which is facilitated effectively through the integration of technology in this age of rapid advancement in technology. With the incorporation of the mobile and other forms of digital enhancement, the supply chain management can be effectively improved (Delsing, 2012). This can be very prominently observed through the shortening of the production and supply chain cycle with the use of information technology in various ways. The E-business applications that are based on the digital network have been very useful in improving the efficiency of the construction process. Literature Review According to Nourbakhsh et al, the literature provides regarding the Mobile application prototype of the onsite information management in construction industry, it has been stated that the incorporation of the information and communication technology in the construction industry has resulted in significant improvement in regards to business (Nourbakhsh et al., 2012). The use of information technology has been assisting in the implementation of construction projects in the areas like conducting conventional tasks, facilitates barriers in communication, management of information and enhancing the speed of construction processes (Liu, Wang Pan, 2011). It has also been stated that the construction industry is among those sectors which have been extremely slow in integrating the modern technological aspects within it. The fact that most of the construction companies depend on the manual paper work for their operation is very much relevant according to the real scenario. The industry of construction is very much labor intensive and includes information regarding all stages right from the beginning stage of the project till the end stage (Love et al., 2009). The bulk of information is found to be very diverse and heavy to be managed in a manual manner. In this journal, it has been stated that the amalgamation of the management of information associated with the construction and the integration of information technology in the form of mobile technology would be very much effective and assist in the faster and smoother implementation of business operations. The journal has reflected upon the real channeling that exists in the operation of the construction project which directly relates to the improvement in productivity (Nourbakhsh et al., 2012). It can be said that the productivity in the construction industry can be improved to a large extent by the integration of the mobile technology as it will enhance the communication between the human resource rights from the ground level of the site to the highest level of the authorities sitting behind the glass doors in the companies (Peng Guo, 2010). The information regarding the materials, labor, machinery supply chain management with various clients, etc can be very effectively conveyed at all levels of the management. The integration of information technology in the form of mobile technology can improve the onsite management of information in the construction sector. It is very much relevant that the management of the onsite information in the construction industry is very much essential to the success of the project (Radu et al., 2013). The affordability of the mobile devices and the increase in the speeds of the wireless network is believed and observed to make the use of technology in the business operations very much convenient. However, the literature also states that application in the information technology meant for the collection and accessing the information associated with the core construction has not been developed (Swarts, Lehman Lewis, 2016). The key groups of information that can be managed very effectively due to the integration of the information and mobile technology in the construction sector relates to the material management, cost management, equipment management, information management , schedule methods and means, record keeping of the job site , quality control, safety and assurance of quality along with the future trends. The strength of this literature can lies in the elaboration of a various developed mobile application system in regards to the management of the flow of information onsite (Sattineni Schmidt, 2015). The literature encompasses the mobile applications such as CAD which assist the construction project with the drawings. The research methodology in the literature elaborates the various phases of the application of the information and mobile technology in the construction industry. However, the weakness of the journal lies in the lack of details regarding the real instances of application of information and mobile technology in the construction industry. In accordance to Anumba, Aziz Ruikar journal Mobile and Semantic Web-Based Delivery of Context-Aware Information and Services in Construction, more focus is given to the mobile communication technologies and the application of the Semantic Web (Anumba, Aziz Ruikar, 2012). The emphasis is given on the use of Web Services and Semantic Web technologies as aspects of the mobile technologies in the objective and purpose of overcoming the shortcomings that traditional information and communication technologies have in the conduction of communication among the workers and employees in the construction companies (Yeh, Tsai Kang, 2012). The elaboration of the limitations of the existing technologies and the processes at the beginning of the literature appears as a weakness to the structuring of the literature. However, the discussion and description of the architecture of the integrated service delivery in the mobile technology for the construction industry strengthen the content of the literature (Sattineni Schmidt, 2015). A detailed description of the technical aspects in regards to the integrated service delivery architecture is provided which facilitates in enhanced understanding of the matter. The various types of tiers associated with the system assist in gaining technical clarity of over the use of information technology in the construction industry. The literature has also focused on the education settings of the construction companies which provide a practical overview of the scenario. In Anumba Wang journal Mobile and Pervasive Computing in Construction: An Introduction, the role of mobile computing in the sector of construction is focused. Various decisions in regards to the designs of the mobile computing in the sector of construction are described in the assignment (Anumba Wang, 2012). Fundamental characteristics of mobile computing have been described that are very relevant to the application of the mobile technology in the enhancement of operations of the construction companies The adaptability of the functionality and various other technical aspects of the information technology in the system of the construction industry is elaborated in the journal which is very relevant in the real scenario (Peng Guo, 2010). The strengths of the journal lie in the categorization of various aspects such as mobility management, information dissemination and management, sensor networks, security, pervasive computing technologies and their application to the construction companies is very well described. The weakness of the journal paper lies in the lack of research methodology which could have provided with the practical instances of the application of the technologies (Nourbakhsh et al., 2012). Regarding the supply chain management of the construction companies and the integration of the technology, the journal of Peng Guo Research and Application of the Information System of Supply Chain Synergy Management in Construction Enterprise, the prime focus is on the improvement of service and satisfaction of the customers (Peng Guo, 2010). The model of construction is being elaborate in the journal which provides information regarding many layers. It is observed that following such layers in the operation of the construction sector, productivity can be enhanced by the use of information technology though the implementation of the web-based models of construction (Love et al., 2009). It was further noted that the association between the owners and the construction companies would be related to the strategies cooperative partnership which can be improved through the integration of information technology with the supply chain system. The aspects of the process management and the control system in the through the information system can result in enhancement of the productivity of the construction company in the form of excellent construction. This would provide satisfaction to the customers that would further enhance the brand image of the company (Liu, Wang Pan, 2011). The strength of the journal lies in the description of the elaborate design of the information system that is to be integrated by the construction company. The detailed description of the design of the information system provides with deep insights regarding the layers of the design and the ways in which the supply chain management of the construction company can be enhanced. Further, the journal also provides a brief regarding the integration of the information system within the system of the architecture of the supply chain management. The weakness of the journal happens to lie in the lack of the information regarding real scenarios in which the entire system would have been integrated and the research findings regarding the matter which would have provided with data in the real cases (Chen Kamara, 2008). In the journal of Swarts, Lehman Lewis The use of social customer relationship management by building contractors: evidence from Tasmania, the focus is primarily given on the use of social media in the provision of enhanced satisfaction to the customers (Swarts, Lehman Lewis, 2016). The role of social customer relationship management in regards to the construction industry is being stated. It is observed from the literature that the construction companies can use the social media platforms in establishing and improving their relationship with the customers. It is further observed that CRM when integrated with the social media platform which is again integral aspect of information technology. Importance has been given to the relationship and association of the construction companies with the customers which are conventionally done through contacting the clients and customers physically. As per Yeh, Tsai Kangs literature associated with The iHelmet, the prime focus was regarding the use of enhanced technology in the form of wearable device which assists in the drawings of the constructions and associated information (Yeh, Tsai Kang, 2012). The strength lies in the tangible form of technology in construction however; it lacks more prominence in the association with the customer's satisfaction. The journal by Davide Aloini and team has provided elaboration regarding risks implementation but very less information regarding information technology. Conclusion It was observed that the construction companies have obtained the knowledge regarding using business automation process through the information technology so as to provide their customers high-quality services. The implementation of CRM in the technology level in regards to providing success to the construction companies has been studied in the paper. Further, it was observed that the role of information technology come with various types of threats which are to be taken into consideration by the construction companies. The use of mobile devices and other aspects of information technology would assist in making a critical decision within very less time. It was very well recognized that the exchange of information in the business operations of the construction industry is a continuous and extensive process throughout the life of any construction project. However, it is to be observed that the mobile technology and other information technology come with their own set of pros and con. Thus, the construction companies need to allow the integration of the information system within the various aspects of the system of business with careful considerations. The development of the information system in the form of mobile technology and SCM would definitely enable construction companies to gain enhanced productivity along with providing high-quality customers service. References Anumba, C.J., Aziz, Z. and Ruikar, D., 2012. Mobile and Semantic Web?Based Delivery of Context?Aware Information and Services in Construction. Mobile and Pervasive Computing in Construction, pp.11-25. Anumba, C.J. and Wang, X., 2012. Mobile and pervasive computing in construction: An introduction. Mobile and Pervasive Computing in Construction, pp.1-10. Aloini, D., Dulmin, R., Mininno, V. and Ponticelli, S., 2012. Supply chain management: a review of implementation risks in the construction industry. Business Process Management Journal, 18(5), pp.735-761. Ali, G., 2014. Supply Chain Management in Construction Industry. Advances in Management, 7(8), p.17. Chen, Y. and Kamara, J.M., 2008. Using mobile computing for construction site information management. Engineering, construction and architectural management, 15(1), pp.7-20. Delsing, J., 2012. Communication Technology in Mobile and Pervasive Computing. Mobile and Pervasive Computing in Construction, pp.26-36. Liu, C., Wang, Y. and Pan, Q., 2011. Construction and Development of CRM Technology and Industry Chain in China. Intelligent Computing and Information Science, pp.118-123. Love, P., Edwards, D.J., Standing, C. and Irani, Z., 2009. Beyond the Red Queen syndrome: CRM technology and building material suppliers. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 16(5), pp.459-474. Nourbakhsh, M., Mohamad Zin, R., Irizarry, J., Zolfagharian, S. and Gheisari, M., 2012. Mobile application prototype for on-site information management in construction industry. Engineering, construction and architectural management, 19(5), pp.474-494. Peng, S. and Guo, J., 2010, December. Research and Application on the Information System of Supply Chain Synergy Management in Construction Enterprises. In Software Engineering (WCSE), 2010 Second World Congress on (Vol. 1, pp. 252-255). IEEE. Radu, I.O., Hora?iu, S.C., Bogdan, B.L. and Mihai, G., 2013. Aspects regarding the role of information technologies in the assurance of supply chain management performance. THE ANNALS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA, p.1495. Swarts, K. M., Lehman, K., Lewis, G. K. 2016. The use of social customer relationship management by building contractors: evidence from Tasmania. Construction Management and Economics, 34(4-5), 302-316. Sattineni, A. and Schmidt, T., 2015. Implementation of mobile devices on jobsites in the construction industry. Procedia Engineering, 123, pp.488-495. Yeh, K.C., Tsai, M.H. and Kang, S.C., 2012. The iHelmet: An AR?Enhanced Wearable Display for BIM Information. Mobile and pervasive computing in construction, pp.149-168

management Essays (2273 words) - Human Resource Management, Economy

Leadership Research: Gene One In this paper Learning Team C of the University of Phoenix MBA520 class identifies four areas of concern within the Gene One case study relative to transformational leadership issues presented in the MBA520 course material. These four areas are: influence of leadership style on individual performance, strategies for developing/managing the group process, conflict management methods to enhance group and team performance and examination of the roles and interaction of group and team performance in relation to Gene One and the companies researched by our team. The Gene One case study and scenario portrays a fast growing organization that must fund its growth potential by offering an initial public stock offering or IPO. The transition from small company to a public company requires adjustments in group and team management. Benchmarking studies that seek examples of solutions that other companies have successfully taken offers an approach for incorporating best practices into new management strategy and policy. The Influence of Leadership Styles Leadership is a complex concept that is defined as the ability to influence, motivate, and enable others to contribute to the effectiveness and success of the organizations of which they are members. Leaders use influence to motivate followers and arrange the work environment so that they do the job more effectively ( McShane and Glinow , 2005). Leaders exist throughout the organization, not just in the executive suite. Leaders apply various forms of influence; from subtle persuasion to more assertiveness, to ensure application of power and to ensure that followers have the motivation and role clarity to achieve specified goals. Leaders also arrange the work environment so that employees can achieve corporate objectives more easily ( McShane and Glinow , 2005). AMGen has adopted good combination of transformational and Charismatic leadership.Their mission is to serve patients and values are to compete intensely and win, work in teams, create value for patients, staff and stockholders, trust and respect each other, ensure quality, collaborate, communicate and be accountable and be ethical (AMGen, 2006).These values and believes just shows us how leadership has created well behaved working environment while keeping clear communication between employees and leadership plays essential part to keep everybody on the same page about what to expect from each other. Genentech is no different either, leadership has adopted higher behavioral standards, which they call the Genentech Good Operating Principles (GGOPs), applied to their officers and employees, as well as to their directors in their activities on behalf of Genentech .by focusing on working environment and by leaving no gaps between leadership and employees they have created a unique enviro nment worker friendly and professional working environment where their employs basic needs are satisfied so they can concentrate on company development. Since then they are committed to the highest standards of behavior at Genentech (Genentech, 2006). Gene One?s corporate mission and values like Collaborate, Communicate and Be Accountable and commitment to the highest standards of behavior is lost, To resolve this in future Gene One?s leadership can start involving everybody needed in their board meetings so everybody is on the same page and release entire outcome in daily news line for company so their employees are not surprised by the outcome because all the employees knew their companies capability and believed in it and hence create hence of trust and worker friendly environment. Gene One?s corporate mission and values and commitment to the highest standards of behavior is lost, which we can see in the leadership meeting by not even valuing each other?s opinions ,or even experienced discussion are made without experts opinion. To mitigate this problem leadership can adopt higher behavioral standards something like the Genentech Good Operating Principles (GGOPs), applied to their officers and employees, as well as to their di rectors in their activities on behalf of Gene One .which will increase moral worker friendly environment and foster professionalism in between. Gene One?s leaders can learn how to communicate batter and model their vision in ways that would bring about meaningful change in the company just like Genentech and AMGen. Strategies for Managing the Group Process As Gene One grows, it must develop strategies for managing the group process. In order to do so, it must take into consideration contingencies of organizational design: organizational size, technology,

5 Critical Concepts You Must Understand to Ace ACT English

5 Critical Concepts You Must Understand to Ace ACT English SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The ACT English can be overwhelming. There are so many questions! And they're mostly just underlined text: what are they even asking? Of course, that confusion is the whole point: it's what makes this part of the test hard. What does that mean for you? Because the ACT test writersrely on yourconfusion about the formatto confuse you, the questions themselves usually aren't that difficult. In order to excel onthe English section of the ACT, you first need to understand how it's organized- if you're not yet clear on that, take a look at our post laying out exactly what's tested on the ACT English. Onceyou know the basics of how this section of the test work, you just have tolearnhow to approach it. Do that, and you’ll find that the English section is surprisinglysimple! There are five key points you need to understand about the ACT English: ACT English Isn't the Same as High School English The ACT Tests a Limited Set of English Concepts You Always Need a Plan You Can Use the Format to Your Advantage Rushing Will Hurt Your Score Let's go through these one at a time. Feature Image Credit: CollegeDegrees360 #1: ACT English Isn't the Same as Everyday InformalEnglish A lot of students believe that since they speak English the English section should be easy, right? Not quite. Even students who excel with writing and grammar in school can struggle with the ACT English because the testhas its own logic. The ACTwill sometimes consider sentences that would be fine with your English teacher wrong, while some of the constructions that are correct on the test would make your teacher cringe. Answers That Sound Right but Are Actually Wrong A common strategy on the ACT English is to "listen" for errors and pick the answer that "sounds" correct. This approach is certainly helpful for picking out some of the more obvious errors, but the test will use it against you. There are a lot of questions about constructions that we routinely misuse in spoken English- they may sound right, but they're actually wrong. Take "should of" for example: If he didn't want to be late, he should of taken the shorter route. Soundsfine! But this is actually a misspelling of "should've," the contraction of "should have." If you say both "should've" and "should of" out loud, you'll notice that they sound almost identical. The correct version of the sentence is: If he didn't want to be late, he should'vetaken the shorter route. I don't recommend relying on "listening" for errors, but if you do plan to do so (and even if you don't) make sure to study the errors that we routinely make when speaking: pronouns, subject-verb agreement, word choice, and commas. Unfamiliar Grammar Rules Even more confusing are the ACT English's unique grammar rules, manyof which will becompletely new to youor evencontradict what you've been taught in school. With that in mind,the most important advice I can give you about the ACT English is to approach the test on its own terms. For example, a common error I see students make is assuming that the most formal answer is the best one. In school you're expected to use very formal English for essays and assignments, so shouldn't the ACT want the same thing? But it doesn't quite work that way, as you'll see in this example. This question asks for an answer that does two things: "provides the most specific detail" and "maintains the style and tone of the essay." Choices A and B can be ruled out because neither one provides specific details. That leaves answers C and D, which both specify that the kiln's temperature rises above a thousand degrees- the difference between them is one of tone. If you're looking for the most formal answer, D seems correct; however, that answer is unnecessarily wordy and doesn't fit with the more conversational style of the passage itself. As such, C, which provides the relevant detail in a tone that fits into the passage, is the correct answer. You can't assume that the ACT English follows the same rules that you've been taught in school; instead, you have to understand what the test itself wants you to know. The ACT English is not like this(Â © David Shankbone) #2: The Rules for ACT English May Be Weird, but There Aren't That Many of Them If, as I just told you,a lot of what you already know about English is useless on the ACT, then what do you need to know? In short, you must know the specific set of rules that the ACT considers important, as well as how those rules are tested on the ACT. Well, luckily, the types of questions on the ACT Englishare extremely limited, which makes this section of the test surprisingly easy to study for.These questions fall into two categories:usage and mechanics (~55%) and rhetorical skills (~45%).I'mnot going to detailall the concepts you need to know- take a look at our complete guide to ACT grammar rules for that- instead, I'm going to help you start analyzinghow the ACTwritersdesign questions. Remember that the ACT tests conceptsin context, so it's less important to know the names of terms of the reason behind rules than to understand how to spot and correct errors. Usage and Mechanics The usage and mechanics questions are divvied up into three categories: sentence structure, which includes sentence fragments, run-ons, misplaced modifiers, and parallelism grammar and usage, which includes subject-verb agreement, verb tense, pronoun usage, and adjectives and adverbs punctuation, which includes commas, apostrophes, dashes, colons, and semi-colons. To do well on the usage and mechanics, you have to both know the grammar rules as definedby the ACT andunderstand how to spot those errors in practice. That means studying the concepts- see our in-depthguide to the ACT English(coming soon!) or our guide to the best ACT books- and then drilling yourself with real ACT practice passages, which you can find in the Official Guide to the ACT or online. Because the ACT is standardized, these topics are tested in certain defined ways that you will see again and again. For example, a lot of verb tense questions are actually subject-verb agreement questions in disguise: all the answers are in different forms, but only one is correctly conjugated. As you practice, keep an eye out for these types of tricks- the better you get at understanding the logic of the questions, the higher your score will be. Rhetorical Skills Rhetorical skills questions are the ones that really confuse a lot of students, since they aren't even remotely similar to the test questionsyou seein school. The ACT categorizes them in to three groups: organization, which covers transitions and sentence and paragraph order strategy, which covers sentence additions and main idea questions style, which covers redundancy and word choice. Though each type of rhetorical skills question has its own quirks, they're almost all governed by two basic principles: All prose should be as clear as possible. You must answer the question you're being asked. That may sound like gibberish, so let's break it down. When I say that you should prioritize clarity in picking answers, I mean that you want to focus on finding the clearest answer, i.e. the choice that provides all of the necessary information and nothing more, in the most straightforward way possible.Phrasing questions will try to confuse you with extra words that sound smart or important: don't let them fool you! My second point may seem superfluous (of course you have to answer the question!), but it's just as important as the first. On the ACT English, the test itemsthat involve actual questions will ask you for very specific things. You must read these questions carefully and pick the answer that best fits the criteria they lay out. Let's look at an actual rhetorical skills question to see how to apply these ideas. None of these answers involve a lot of extra words, but C and D are both phrased slightly confusingly, so we can probably rule those out. Next, let's look at what exactly the question is asking for: a specific and vivid description of the underwater terrain. Now we can definitely be sure that C and D are wrong- they're both quitevague. Moreover, we can see that A must be the correct answer, since it's the only one that gives a sense of what the underwater scene actually looks like. Now that we've covered how the ACT English is different from what you might expect, let's cover the tools you need to tackle this admittedly weird test successfully. #3: Always Have a Plan of Attack Because the format of the ACT English is so different from the tests you take in school, it's easy to get confused or overwhelmed and end up approaching the passages haphazardly, looking at each underlined section individually. Don't do this! Because the test is designed to test grammar concepts in context, looking at only the underlined portions will cause you to miss questions. Instead, you want to have a strategy for how you approach passages that you use every time you take the test, whether it's for practice or the real thing. Different methods work best for different people, and you'll have to decide what makes the most sense for you. However, every goodstrategyshares one vital principle: no matter where in asentence the underlined section appears, you must always read to the end of the sentence. If you don't do this, it will hurt your score- a lot. For a full breakdown of the pros and cons of different strategies, take a look at our post onthe best way to approach the ACT English passages. Below I've included a quick take on two possible approaches. The Best Strategy for ApproachingACT English Passages Like I said before, every student has their own way of approaching things. However, I've found that the strategy that best minimizes the potential for misunderstanding context is to first read each paragraph and then go back and answer all the questions about that paragraph. Let's walk through how this works in an actual ACT Passage. In this example, you start by reading the first paragraph, until the purple line. Then you answer the questions that are marked with purple boxes. You can see how having read the entire paragraph makes answering question 26, which asks for the sentence that "most effectively introduces the information that follows," much easier. You'll still needto be especially careful with questions 27 and 28, since they appear in the same sentence- in these cases, make sure to look at both underlined portions and consider whether the answer to one will affect the answer to the other. Once you've completed the two-step process for that paragraph, you move on to the next one. Read down to the green line, and then answer the question marked in green. On a real ACT English section, you would repeat this process for each paragraph in each passage. Strategy for Those who Struggle with Time Though the above strategy is ideal, as it gives the clearest understanding of the context for each question, you may find that it's too time consuming. If you are running out of time on the English section with more than a couple of questions of left, you may want to focus more closelyon the underlined portions of the passage. In this strategy, you read only the sentences that contain underlined portions (you still have to read the entire sentence, though), answering the specificquestions as you go, and then going back to any big picture questions at the end.You can see how this approachworks in the example below. 26 is a big picture question, so we skip the blue highlighted portion, and go straight to pink sentence. We read that and answer 27 and 28. Next,we readthe yellow sentence, answer 29, read the green sentence, and answer 30. Finally, we return to the blue sentence and answer 26. For a full passage, you follow the same pattern but for all 15 questions. This strategy can work, but it's not nearly as reliable as the first one. I don't recommend it if you're shooting for a score higher than a 25. (In case you're curious, the correct answers for the questionsabove are as follows: 26. G, 27. D, 28. F, 29. A, 30. G) Remember: always have a plan! #4: Use the Structure of the Test to Your Advantage Once you masteryourapproach to the passages, you'll need to learn how the ACT English questions work. The best way to do that is just to look at, practice with, and analyze as many real ACT questions as possible. Keep in mind that the test is multiple choice and consider how you can usethat to your advantage. Here are a fewtips toget you started. Strategy: Consider How the Answer Choices are Different from Each Other Let's say you look at an underlined portion and don't see anything wrong: you should just bubble A (for no change) and move on, right? Not quite. Just because you don't recognize the error immediatelydoesn't mean there isn't one. Instead, try looking at the answers. What's the difference (or differences) between them? Once you figure that out, you'll know what kind of question you're dealing with- whether it's a subject-verbagreement or idiomatic usage question, for example. Let's look at some examples: Even without knowing the context, wecan see that this a question about punctuation. Looking back at the sentence, you could then determine what factors willaffect the correct punctuation here: maybe there's adash earlier in the sentenceand you need another one to properly punctuatea interjection or maybe this punctuation mark falls between two independent clauses, making the semicolon correct. Next, we've got a trickier case: Inthis example, we can see that there are two questions at issue: whether"therefore" or "in addition" is the correct transition and whether a period or a comma is the correct punctuation. With two concept questions like this, you can narrow down choices based on one of the issues, even if you aren't sure about the other one. Strategy: Don't Get Too Attached to Your Own Idea ofthe Answer We've talked about what to do when you aren't immediately sure what's going on with a question, but what about the times when you immediately know what's wrong and how to fix it? For the most part, those occasions are the best case scenarios- you should still read all the answer choices and double check to make sure you aren't falling into any traps, like failing to read to the end of a sentence or missing a "not" in the question, but usually you'll be able to quickly determine the right choice and move on. However, there will be times, especially when dealing with the rhetorical skills question, that you come up withthe perfect answer only to find that there's no choice even remotely similar to it. Don't panic! Think about what the erroris, rather than what would be correct, and eliminate any answers with the same mistake. Then try to narrow down the rest of the choices. Once you've got it down to one choice, plug that back into the sentence and see if it makes sense. Strategy: Eliminate Identical Answers This is a pretty simple strategy, but a lot of students find it really helpful: If two answers are functionally identical, they must both be wrong. Think about it this way:if you have a transition question and "Furthermore" and "Moreover" are both answer choices, how can you choose between them? You can't, because they mean the same thing. As such, both answers must be wrong. The exception to this rule is if there are more than two answers that are all the same. In that case, you've probably missed the part of the question that says "Which of the following would NOT be acceptable?" Go back and check. Keep an eye out for these kinds of patterns as you study- they're invaluable for conqueringthe weird world of the ACT English! This is good advice for every section of the ACT! #5: Don't Rush! After reading all this advice, you may be wondering how you will possibly get through the whole English section of the ACT in just 45 minutes. After all, it includes five passages and 75 questions, which is quite a lot. However, if you try out a couple of practice sections, you'll find that they go much faster than you expect. In fact, manystudents make a lot of careless mistakes because they're rushing to get through the test and then end up with time left over at the end. If you have more than one or two minutes left at the end of the English section and are missing more than a handful of questions,you're moving too fast. Even ifyou do find yourself running out of time, it may not benefit you to speed up. Rushing will always hurt your score. You may be better off guessing on some of the questions at the very end or skipping some of the time consuming big picture questions than you would be struggling to get to every single question in the allotted time. What's Next? Now that you understand the big picture of the English ACT, drill into some specific grammar topics, starting with our complete guide to commas. Aiming for that elusive perfect 36? Try our guide to getting a 36 on the ACT English from a perfect scorer. Or maybe after that you're considering switching to the SAT? Make sure you understand the differences between ACT English and SAT Writing first. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this English lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands ofpractice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Compare Contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Compare Contrast - Essay Example They both argue that the technological evidences, for example, the DNA evidence is indisputable because their validity is on the basis that the advancements are a science (Fishman Web). Similarly, both the generations bear huge social, economic, and ecological deficits that their members struggle to come out of. For instance, in both the generations, the members continue to cause global warming which has hazardous environmental and economic effects. In addition, both members of these generations are hard working. They get engaged in programs and activities that are useful for themselves and their countries (Friedman Web). For example, they participate in building their homes, engage in politics, and also offer volunteer services to the poor. Finally, terrorism which is a global issue has not stopped the members of both generations from moving around the world (Friedman Web). The members of these generations freely move from one part of the globe to another. However, there are contrasting issues between these two generations. Friedman’s generation Q has huge budget deficits, social security deficit, and ecological deficit. Its members spend their entire adult lives struggling to come out of these deficits. From the New York Times news paper dated Oct. 2, the generation Q members have continued to trigger global warming (Friedman Web). However, Friedman’s generation tries to look into the techniques of handling the challenges of global warming and other social, economic, and environmental concerns coming as a result of the technological advancements which Rob Fishman’s generation does not care about. Moreover, the members of Friedman’s generation Q are less radical compared to the Rob Fishman’s generation of generation Q members. They put their energies into popular national service programs at their respective home countries. An example is the â€Å"Teach for America.† Furthermore, the

Globalization and Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Globalization and Education - Essay Example The modernization theory finds main effect of globalization on societies which converge as a result of spread of markets and technology. However, complete loss of identity of various societies the world over is highly unlikely. Sociologist Giddens further adds a noteworthy point to the definition of globalization. He states that it fragments a society by giving benefits unevenly; advantages to some strata of society while others remain deprived, thus the effect of globalization can not be seen as generalized change occurring uniformly, a statement that applies well to the current state of Asian nations. The thought of convergence of societies seems somewhat superficial as the main impact of globalization. Guellin (2001) takes Giddens' definition further stating that there is more inequality between countries than it was ten or even hundred years ago while the wage inequality has taken the form of a problem in the highly developed nations also. Levitt (as cited in Guellin, 2001, p252) probably based his studies on consumption of goods across world when he stated that the consumer of the world has become cosmopolitan. But the sociologist Sklair, though accepts some homogenization of culture across nations bu t terms it only a temporary effect on account of similar lifestyles, tastes and desires (as cited in Guellin, 2001, p252). Nevertheless, it is clear from every point of view that Globalization has affected lifestyles and brought people together though the extent and future impact of it may be topics of discussion. The impact of globalization is considerable on education but are we heading for virtual class rooms The article pays attention to four dimensions of globalization and then particularly elaborates the influence of globalization on education around the world. 2.0 Four dimensions of globalization: 2.1 Political dimension: Globalization is often referred in terms of market and a general view perceived is that market has become global while governments remained national. It is not only a contradiction; it also neglects a very important impact of globalization. The governments seek international cooperation since they have problems that can not be solved alone. Generally the global governance is perceived as dominance of multinationals in world market and USA in world politics. Jones (144) refers Hirst & Thompson (1996) who saw in globalization the attainment of century-old ideals of the free-trade liberals and who looked to "a demilitarized world in which business activity is primary and political power has no other tasks than the protection of the world free trading system". Held (397) though feels that autonomy and sovereignty of national governments are changing but these in no way have collapsed in the era of globalization. The changes, however, are manifolds such as: The center of effective power is no longer the national government. It is shared by various forces at national regional and international levels. Secondly, the much political self-determination have crossed the boundaries of nation and states for e. g. environmental issues or human rights

Nevado Del Ruiz Volcano Eruption

Nevado Del Ruiz Volcano Eruption Mustafa Ameen Nevado Del Ruiz volcano Introduction: The volcano is a phenomena that occurs at several kilometers depth of the huge plates that form the Earths surface, causing a hole in the crust through which the expulsion of molten lava and ash, and gases. Volcanic activity usually produces a cone-shaped Obinna picturesque periodically erupts in a violent way, and some can be very explosive eruptions, such as the volcano Nevado del Ruiz. Nevado del Ruiz volcano has erupted 23 times during the past two million years. Geologic Location: Nevado Del Ruiz is located on the border between the provinces of Caldas and Tolima in Colombia, part of the Andes mountain range, overshadowed the town of Armero, part of Los Nevados National Park natural, 129 km west of the capital Bogota. Its Longitude is 4.9Â °N / -75.32Â °W. Nevado del Ruiz falsehoods within the Ring of Fire, in the region of active volcanoes that encircle the Pacific Ocean, as shown in Figure (2). It is the third in the far north region of Andean volcanic belt which contains 75 of the 204 Holocene age volcanoes in southern America. It is worth mentioning that the production of this volcanic belt is under the continental plate of South America by eastward subduction of the Nazca oceanic plate as shown in figure (1). Figure (1) how tectonic plate movement and subduction has created this volcano Figure (2) Nevado del Ruiz volcano location on the map Type of Volcano: Nevado Del Ruiz is a composite volcano, that also known as a stratovolcano or a composite cones, this volcano have gentle lower slopes, but get very sheer near the summit, which give this volcano the cone like shape. So that Composite cones are created by a mixture of explosive activity and lava flows. Nevado Del Ruiz has an overall andesitic and dacitic structure that made of layers (strata) of hardened lava, volcanic ash and tephra. Nevado Del Ruiz also has a layered appearance with alternating pyroclastic, lava, mad and debris flows, and also this volcano is created by an oceanic to continental convergent boundary. The structure layer of this volcano is given in Figure (3). Figure (3) The structure layers of Nevado del Ruiz Eruption Style: Nevado del Ruiz is a stratovolcano forms at convergent plate margins, and its steep slopes of the summit and a small hole is amazing. Is an explosive, and usually generates Plinian explosion and has been active for the two million years ago. It is well known as composite cones for the emergence of a cone shape and several layers of lava alternating with stiffness volcanic ash and other lava rocks. Stratovolcanoes form in convergent plate margins, and its steep slopes of the summit and classifications are surprisingly small. The eastward subduction of the oceanic Nazaca plate beneath the South America continental plat is produced the Andean volcanic belt. It results in the production of dacitic lava, as well as volcanic andesitic rocks. These lava flows and lava cancel everything in its path, and travel for miles. Output is a lot of debris and ash from the volcano also erupts when. Landslides are one of the most lethal consequences of this during the eruption. As hot lava flowing on the undersides of the volcanic crater it causes a quick melting of snow and ice, which generates a very large floods that sweeping nearby valleys. As a result of mixing these floods with waste and debris floods and soil, increasing the density and volume to form very hot lahars with a thickness of approximately 50 meters and is moving at 50 km per hour. When sweep populated areas lead to the downfall of thousands of deaths in addition to the mass destruction of these areas. Figure (1) A photo of the volcano Nevado del Ruiz Eruption history: The first eruption of Nevado Del Ruiz was in 6660 BC and most recently in 1985 in the Arenas Crater. The first explosion historically documented in 1570 while its biggest eruption occurred in 1595. In 1845, the volcano erupted as a result of a large earthquake and caused a considerable mudflow which ran down the valley of the nearby river (Lagunillas River) for approximately 70 km. Its spilled out in the river channel and killing much of the local people again. The most famous and most recent eruption occurred in 1985 which regarded as the worst volcanic disaster in the 21st century in South America, where they have caused the following casualties: Approximately 23,000 people were killed in Armero From the population of 28,700 Around 5,000 people were injured. About 5,000 homes were destroyed. The whole town was swamped with mud up to 40 meters thic. The mad was traveling at speeds of 50km/h in which it swept the town away. This eruption was the fourth largest single-eruption in death toll whole the history. The volcano activity is very limited since 1985 deadly explosion. The latest eruption occurred at 22 Feb 2012 and stopped at 10 April 2013 without any casualties. Table (1) gives summary of the eruption dates of this volcano. Table (1) Summary of eruption dates of Nevado del Ruiz [6]. Was it inevitable that so many people died/were injured? Could more have been done to save the people/ property? The eruption signs can be predicted for some time before the outbreak of the volcano. Weeks later scientists were monitored the volcano using seismographs. Several maps were provided over a month before the eruption to illustrate the danger zones of the volcano, which showed that Armero area is clearly at high risk. But unfortunately, some unusual facts recognized, which are: 1 – People werent taken these maps very seriously and werent circulated thoroughly accurately. 2 Many of the people in the city are unaware of these maps. 3 Many citizens in Armero were unable to read. Committed many quiet starts when a major eruption, because of reassuring messages that were sent by each of: 1 The mayor on the radio. 2 The local priest of the Church by addressing the audience. However, it is the Red Cross to evacuate the city. But after a brief period of time evacuation, ash stopped falling. Storm occurred and blocked the top of the volcano that made citizens unaware of what happens from the outbreak of lava. Authorities have warned that the eruption will be moderate with great danger for Armero with a very high probability of the mudflows. Unfortunately, government officials have refused this report and have declared their unwillingness to evacuate the population while making sure of its necessity. If government officials have taken the report warning seriously for the town could have been evacuated, then far fewer people would have been injured. How we can prevent such damage and death if this volcano erupts again? There are a lot of methods to protect towns and cities from lahars. In which these include: tunnels, alternate channels, and concrete structures. In which some have been succeed and others have not. The experiment provided that the best preventative measure is to build and establish a highly sensitive warning system. These warning systems include seismometers, which pick up the signal from the lahar as it moves to the bottom of the valley and rain gauges that accumulate water and warning when the formation of avalanches is possible. As it has been shown through the Nevado del Ruiz volcano warning systems are not sufficient. Also lines of communication and evacuation plans must also be established because the damage may not be avoidable but earlier warning thanks to better communications would empower people to be evacuated to higher ground. Conclusion Nevado del Ruiz is one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world. It is affected by several factors, namely, the composition of the magma core, the temperature, and the amount of dissolved gases it contains. It is believed that the atmosphere and the ocean evolved gases emitted by volcanic eruptions. Its eruptive period was begun 150 thousand years ago. These facts are enough reasons for igneous activity to warrant our attention. The government must take some procedure to protect its citizen for the next volcano eruption. References: http://nevadodelruiz.blogspot.se/ http://thewatchers.adorraeli.com/2011/09/13/unrest-at-nevado-del-ruiz-volcano-in-colombia/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevado_del_Ruiz http://www.geo.mtu.edu/volcanoes/hazards/primer/lahar.html http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=1784page=65 http://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=351020#bgvn_3707 1

Potential Effects Of Discrimination Essay

Do we accept that these forms of discrimination exist? What do you think†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦as maybe you do not agree? Discrimination can be understood as damaging the individual quality of life in relation to Maslow`s analysis of needs. Self Actualisation, Esteem, Social and Love, Safety and Security and Physiological needs are all negatively affected by Discrimination. ALWAYS REMEMBER, YOU ARE FREE TO MAKE A POINT IN AN ASSIGNMENT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.AS LONG AS YOU CAN SUPPORT IT! Discriminatory practices: so what are these practices then? How do we â€Å"challenge† people in a discriminatory way? through physical assault of those who are different, through verbal assault of those who are different, by excluding from activities those who are different, by avoiding those people who are different, by excluding people from opportunities, and by making assumptions about people who are different. The essence of this question is that the discriminatory practice we have already looked at has â€Å"POTENTIAL EFFECTS† on those who use health or social care services† (BTEC, 2007). So, what are the effects of discrimination on this part of the population? The â€Å"range† for this question indicates that the effects include: -Marginalisation (and excluding people) -Disempowerment, -Low self esteem (by devaluing people) -Restricted Opportunities (failure to thrive and negative behaviours), -Loss of Rights is also a result (from disempowerment) While we have Legislation in this country to prevent Discrimination, it can be argued that these are not enough, on their own, to eliminate it. We also have to recognise that Institutional and Structural Discrimination exist. Moonie et al (2000) indicate the case of Stephen Lawrence and institutional racism within the Police Services. What about equal pay for women? A Government â€Å"Women’s Unit Study (2000)† Report looked at this. â€Å"Opportunity For All (1999)†, another Govt Report, addressed the issues Ethnic minorities face. Are there any Reports that address issues in Health and Social Services? Look around for information relating to Mental Health Services and usage by ethnic minorities. Another point may relate to the actual problem of non-English speaking nationals accessing these services. Social Services are in a similar position, with failure to make provision for afro- Caribbean populations. This failure has lead to the Institution not providing services that are needed by that population. Look for the Acheson Report (1998) also, highlighting the differences of standards between those on low incomes, and those better off. THINK ABOUT THE DVD SHOWN TO YOU, â€Å"Poverty In Belfast†. In answering this question, a structured method may be to look at each of the â€Å"forms of discrimination† and indicate HOW it affects the service user. For instance, in looking at â€Å"Prejudice†, remember that you have already covered this in the initial weeks of the Unit†¦.as with each of the `forms`: define the term, and indicate how Prejudice effects the user. Prejudice involves pre-judging an individual or a group of people. It involves forming a judgement without direct or experience of that group in any form. For instance, I would develop a negative attitude against an entire group on the basis of their ethnicity or race. An Ofsted Report (1999) indicated Institutional Racism, stating that Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Traveller Children failing to make adequate progress over 100 schools. By doing this, I marginalize and disempower them. I exclude them from wider society and push them the fringes of society where their role is minimalised and input into society is limited. I limit their ability to make choices, in other words I disempower them. Does this restriction of opportunites lead to negative behaviour in the form of criminality or aggression? Can you identify any other effects from the `range` in the question? Can you identify a group that are the victims of Prejudice? Users of health and social services include the Elderly, the Sick and the  Disabled. Another grouping that could become more relevant in the future are the Obese. This is a developing population as a result of western lifestyle†¦.and a potential group that could experience prejudice in the not to distant future. How do you think this could occur? Similarly, how does Lack Of Choice affect Users? By refusing the User Choice, I disempower them. An example group could be the elderly in Nursing or residential care. For instance, â€Å"you will eat what you are given† or â€Å"you will get up in the morning when im ready to get you up†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦this limits the ability of the User to make the decision. Looking at this assignment, each of the points should be answered in a similar vein. 1. Define the term, 2. Indicate how it affects `Users` with the help of an example â€Å"population Group† . ONLY BY GIVING AN EXAMPLE IN YOUR PIECE OF WORK WILL YOU GAIN AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE TOPIC. YOU MUST BE ABLE TO RELATE IT TO THE HEALTHCARE ENVIRONMENT.

Legal Business Studyguide

Legal 2 Test 2 Studyguide Sole Proprietorships the simplest form of business organization. Sole proprietorships are the most common form of business organization in the US. Major advantages: * Forming a sole proprietorship is easy and does not cost a lot. * The owner has the right to make all management decisions concerning the business, including those involving hiring and firing employees. * The sole proprietor owns all of the business and has the right to receive all of the business’s profits. A sole proprietorship can be easily transferred or sold if and when the owner desires to do so; no other approval (such as from partners or shareholders) is necessary. Disadvantages: * The sole proprietor’s access to the capital is limited to personal funds plus any loans he or she can obtain * The sole proprietor is legally responsible for the business’s contracts and the torts he or she or any of his or her employees commit in the course of employment. Creating a sole proprietorship is easy. There are no formalities, and no federal or state government approval is required.A sole proprietor bears the risk of loss of the business. In addition, the sole proprietor has unlimited personal liability. Therefore, creditors may recover claims against the business from the sole proprietor’s personal assets (e. g. , home, automobile, bank accounts). A sole proprietorship is not a separate legal entity, so it does not pay taxes at the business level. Instead, the earnings and losses from a sole proprietorship are reported on the sole proprietor’s personal income tax filing. A sole proprietorship business earns income and pays expenses during the course of operating the business.A sole proprietor has to file tax returns and pay taxes to state and federal governments. For federal income tax purposes, a sole proprietor must prepare a personal income tax Form 1040 U. S. Individual Income Tax Return and report the income or loss from the sole propri etorship on his or her personal income tax form. The income or loss from the sole proprietorship is reported on Schedule C (Profit or Loss from Business), which must be attached to the taxpayer’s Form 1040. Vernon v. Schuster The father dies and the son takes over the sole proprietorship. Vernon had a warranty while the father was alive, and he warranty was broken because the product had failed so he wanted money from the son who took over the job. The court ruled that the son had formed a new sole proprietorship and was not liable for his father’s warranty. Partnerships a voluntary association of two or more persons for carrying on a business as co-owners for profit. Partners are personally liable for the debts and obligations of the partnership. Formation four criteria to qualify as a general partnership: * As association of two or more persons * Carrying on a business * As co-owners * For profitAn agreement to share losses of a business is strong evidence of a gener al partnership. It is compelling evidence of the existence of a general partnership if a person is given the right to share in profits, losses, and management of a business. A limited partnership agreement may specify how profits and losses from the limited partnership are to be allocated among the general and limited partners. General partnerships do not pay deferral income taxes. Instead, the income and losses of partnership flow onto and have to be reported on the individual partners’ personal income tax returns. This is called â€Å"flow-through† taxation.A new partner in a general partnership takes on all of the liabilities and responsibilities that the original partners have. Zuckerman v. Antenucci A woman’s child was born with severe physical problems. During her pregnancy, she was treated by Dr. Pena and Dr. Antenucci. She brought a medical malpractice suit against both doctors. The jury (trial court) found that Pena was guilty of medical malpractice but Antenucci was not. The Supreme Court found both doctors to be dually liable. Limited Partnerships a type of partnership that has two types of partners: (1) general partners and (2) limited partners.Two types of partners: * General partners partners in a limited partnership who invest capital, manage the business, and are personally liable or partnership debts. * Limited partners partners in a limited partnership who invest capital but do not participate in management and are not personally liable for partnership debts beyond their capital contributions. Once a limited partnership has been formed, a new limited partner can be added only upon the written consent of all partners, unless the limited partnership agreement provides otherwise.New general partners can be admitted only with the specific written consent of each partner. Uniform Partnership Act In 1914, the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws promulgated the UPA. The UPA codifies general partnership law . Its goal was to establish consistent partnership law that was uniform throughout the US and has been adopted by 48 states. Fictitious names A general partnership must file a fictitious business name statement –d. b. a. (doing business as) –with the appropriate government agency to operate under a trade name. Kemmier Memorial Foundation v.Mitchell Davis and Mitchell formed a general partnership to purchase and operate rental properties for investment purposes. They entered into an agreement that provided that only Davis, and not Mitchell, would be personally liable on the note to the Foundation. They did not inform the Foundation of this agreement. They defaulted on a note, so the Foundation sued the partnership and both partners to recover on the note. The Supreme Court of Ohio held that both partners were jointly liable on the note. Corporations the most dominant form of business organization in the US, generating over 85 percent of the country’s gross busine ss receipts.Owners of corporations are called shareholders. Incorporation select a state, select a corporate name, incorporators, pre-incorporation contracts, articles of incorporation, purpose of a corporation, registered agent (often attorneys), corporate bylaws, corporate seal, organizational meeting of the board of directors. Purpose of a Corporation: * General-purpose clause allows the corporation to engage in any activity permitted by law * Limited-purpose clause stipulates the specific purposes and activities that the corporation can engage in. Shareholders have only limited liability.They are liable only to the extent of their capital contributions and do not have personal liability for the corporation’s debts and obligations. Nature of the corporation: * Separate â€Å"legal entity† for most purposes * Limited liability of shareholders * Free transferability of shares * Perpetual existence * Centralized management * Double taxation Nonprofit Corporation formed for charitable, educational, religious, or scientific purposes. Although nonprofit corporations may make a profit, they are prohibited by law from distributing this profit to their members, directors, or officers.The Model Nonprofit Corporation Act, which governs the formation, operation, and termination of nonprofit corporations. Professional Corporation a corporation formed by lawyer, doctors, or other professionals. Promoter a person or persons who organize and start a corporation, negotiate and enter into contracts in advance of its formation, find the initial investors to finance the corporation, and so forth. Registered Agents a person or corporation that is empoyered to accept service of process on behalf of a corporation.Incorporator the person or persons, partnerships, or corporations that are responsible for incorporation of a corporation. Bylaws a detailed set of rules adopted by the board of directors after a corporation is incorporated that contains provisions for mana ging the business and the affairs of the corporation. Organizational Meeting a meeting that must be held by the initial directors of a corporation after the articles of incorporation are filled. Articles of Incorporation the basic governing document of a corporation.It must be drafted and filed with, and approved by, the state before the corporation can be officially incorporated. Must include: * The name of the corporation * The number of share the corporation is authorized to issue * The address of the corporation’s initial registered office and the name of the initial registered agent. * The name and address of each incorporator Debt securities securities that establish a debtor-creditor relationship in which the corporation borrows money from the investor to whom a debt security is issued.Notice of a Shareholders’ Meeting A corporation is required to give the shareholders written notice of the place, day, and time of annual and special meetings. For a special meeti ng, the purpose of the meeting must also be stated. Only matters stated in the notice of a shareholders’ meeting can be considered at the meeting. Special Shareholders’ Meetings Meetings of shareholders that may be called to consider and vote on important or emergency issues, such as a proposed merger or amending the articles of incorporation.Proxy a shareholder’s authorizing of another person to vote the shareholder’s shares at the shareholders’ meetings in the event of the shareholder’s absence. Quorum required number of individuals that must be represented for voting, meetings, etc. Record Dates a date specified in corporate bylaws that determines whether a shareholder may vote at a shareholders’ meeting. Cumulative Voting a system in which a shareholder can accumulate all of his or her votes and vote them all for one candidate or split them among several candidates.Straight Voting a system in which each shareholder votes the numbe r of shares he or she owns on candidates for each of the positions open; also called noncumulative voting. Supramajority Voting Requirement a requirement that a greater than majority of shares constitutes a quorum of the vote of the shareholders. Voting Trust an arrangement in which the shareholders transfer their stock certificates to a trustee who is empowered to vote the shares. Voting Agreement an agreement between two or more shareholders that stipulates how they will vote their shares.Right of First Refusal an agreement that requires a selling shareholder to offer his or her shares for sale to the other parties to the agreement before selling them to anyone else. Preemption rights that give existing shareholders the option of subscribing to new shares being issued in proportion to their current ownership interests. Dividends a distribution of profits of the corporation to shareholders. Derivative Lawsuit a lawsuit a shareholder brings against an offending party on behalf of a corporation when the corporation fails to bring the lawsuit. It’s also called a derivative action.Management of a Corporation * Shareholders Owners of the corporation. They vote on the directors and other major actions to be taken by the corporation. * Board of Directors Elected by the shareholders. Directors are responsible for making policy decisions and employing the major officers for the corporation. The board may initiate certain actions that require shareholders’ approval. * Officers Officers are responsible for the day-to-day operation of the corporation, including acting as agents for the corporation, hiring other officers and employees, and the like.Duty of Obedience a duty that directors and officers of a corporation have to act within the authority conferred upon them by state corporation codes, the articles of incorporation, the corporate bylaws, and the resolutions adopted by the board of directors. Fiduciary Duties the duties of obedience, care, and loya lty owed by directors and officers to their corporation and its shareholders. Duty of Care a duty of corporate directors and officers to use care and diligence when acting on behalf of the corporation.Duty of Loyalty a duty that directors and officers have not to act adversely to the interests of the corporation and to subordinate their personal interests to those of the corporation and its shareholders. Proxy Contest a contest in which opposing factions of shareholders and managers solicit proxies from other shareholders; the side that receives the greatest number of votes wins the proxy contest. Merger a situation in which one corporation is absorbed into another corporation and ceases to exist. They become a similar corporation. If it is a consolidation, the two companies form into a completely different corporation.Appraisal Rights the rights of shareholders who object to a proposed merger, share exchange, or sale or lease of all or substantially all of the property of a corpora tion to have their shares valued by the court and receive cash payment of this value from the corporation. Proxy Statement a document that fully describes (1) the matter for which a proxy is being solicited, (2) who is soliciting the proxy, and (3) any other pertinent information. Share Exchange a situation in which one corporation acquires all the shares of another corporation and both corporations retain their separate legal existence.Tender Offer an offer that an acquirer makes directly to a target corporation’s shareholders in an effort to acquire the target corporation. The shareholders each make an individual decision about whether to sell their shares to the tender offeror. Such offers are often referred to as hostile tender offers. Short-form Merger a merger between a parent corporation and a subsidiary corporation that does not require the approval of the shareholders of either corporation or the approval of the board of directors of the subsidiary corporations.Willi ams Act an amendment to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 made in 1968 that specifically regulates tender offers. Severance for Executives after retiring or being removed from a company, they’re given a package. â€Å"Golden parachute† Section 14(a) a provision of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 that gives the SEC the authority to regulate the solicitation of proxies. Antitakeover Statutes statutes enacted by a state legislature that protect against the hostile takeover of corporations incorporated in or doing business in the state.Poison Pills defensive strategies that are built into the target corporation’s articles of incorporation, corporate bylaws, or contracts and leases. These tactics make the target corporation more expensive to the tender offeror. White Knight Merger mergers with friendly parties—that is, parties that promise to leave the target corporation and/or its management intact. Greenmail the purchase by a target corporation of its stock from an actual or perceived tender offeror at a premium.